Logarithm

In mathematics, a key function that serves as the inverse of an exponential function is the logarithm function. The basic form of a logarithmic function is:   
  

f(x) = log_a(x) or y = log_a(x)

Here, a > 0 and a ≠ 1. The exponential function of the above log form is:

   a^y = x

There are two main types of logarithmic functions: natural logarithms (ln) and common logarithms (log).

For example, f(x) = ln (x - 2) represents a natural logarithmic function, while g(x) = log (x + 5) -2 represents a common logarithmic function. 

The logarithmic functions help to solve exponential equations, especially when the exponent is not an integer. For instance, 2^x = 10 can be transformed to log₂ (10) = x, and we can easily find the value of x, even if it is not a whole number. 

The formula for converting an exponential function into a logarithmic function is:       

A logarithm indicates the exponent to which the base must be raised to get a value inside the log. Logarithms cannot be used for negative numbers, but they can be used for decimals, fractions, and whole numbers.

The logarithm of zero or negative numbers cannot be calculated. The basic logarithmic function is:

f(x) = log(x) (or y = log(x)) where x > 0


The set of all positive real numbers is known as the domain (x > 0) or (0, ∞). The output value, y, can be any real number, positive, negative, or zero. A list of y-values for various x-values is provided here:

• When x = 1, y = log (1) = 0

• When x = 2, y = log(2) ≈ 0.3010

• When x = 0.2, y = log(0.2) ≈ -0.6990

• When x = 0.01, y = log (0.01) = - 2

The range of every logarithmic function is always a real number, and the domain is always greater than 0. For example, the domain and range of the logarithmic function f(x) = log (x + 3).

To determine the domain, the argument must be greater than 0. Solve for x:

      x + 3 > 0
      x > -3 

Thus, the domain is x > -3 or (-3, ∞).

Next, we can find the range; it can be any real number. Therefore, the range is Range = R. 

Hence, the range of f(x) = R. 

A logarithmic graph depicts how the logarithmic function varies with different values of input x. The domain is the set of positive real numbers, while the range is a set of any real numbers. Concerning the line y = x, the logarithmic and exponential function graphs are symmetrical. It means that the graph of an exponential function across the line y = x is reflected in the graph of the logarithmic function. 

• y = 0 when x = 1 because log_a (1) 0 for any base a. Then the graph has an x-intercept.  

• log_a (0) is not defined, so the graph does not have a y-intercept. 

Take a look at the graphs of exponential and logarithmic functions for a better understanding. 

The key properties of logarithmic graphs are listed below:

• a > 0 and a ≠ 1. It explains that the base must be greater than 0 and it should not be equal to 1. 

• When a > 1, the logarithmic graph increases, while the graph decreases when 0 < a < 1. 

• The input to the function will always have a positive value. 

• The range or the output of a function can be any real number. 

Finding points that describe the behavior of a function and drawing a curve through those points is known as graphing a logarithmic function. Depending on the base value, the curve can either increase or decrease.

The curve increases if the base is greater than 1 \( (base>1)\), and decreases if the base lies between 0 and 1 \((0 < \text{base} < 1)\). To graph a logarithmic function, we must follow certain steps:

Step 1: Identify the domain and range.

Step 2: Find the vertical asymptote by setting the argument equal to 0. Remember that a logarithmic graph has a vertical asymptote but no horizontal asymptote.

Step 3: Set the argument equal to 1 by substituting the value of x. To find the x-intercept, use the property log⁡a(1) = 0.

Step 4: Set the argument equal to the base by substituting the value of x. To find another point on the graph, use the property log⁡a(a) = 1.

Step 5: Draw the curve by connecting the two points and extending the curve toward the vertical asymptote.

Let’s look at an example to make it easier to understand.

Consider the logarithmic function:

\(f(x) = \log_{2}(x - 1)\)

Step 1: The basic form of the logarithmic function is \(f(x) = \log_a(x).\)

Here, the base is a=2. Since 2>1, the curve will increase.

Step 2: Now set the argument greater than 0:

\(x - 1 > 0 \quad \Rightarrow \quad x > 1\)

So, the domain is (1,∞).

\(Range = R.\)

Step 3: Find the vertical asymptote by setting the argument equal to 0. In a logarithmic function, the argument must be positive (> 0).

\(x−1=0⇒x=1\)

So, the vertical asymptote is at x=1.

Step 4: Next, let’s find some points.

At x = 2:

\(f(2) = \log_{2}(2 - 1) = \log_{2}(1) = 0\)

So, the point is (2,0).

At x = 3:

\(f(3) = \log_{2}(3 - 1) = \log_{2}(2) = 1\)

So, the point is (3,1).

Step 5: Draw the graph by connecting the points, starting near the asymptote x=1.

Here, the curve passes through the points (2,0) and (3, 1), and increases gradually. The red line shows the vertical asymptote at x=1.

The key properties of logarithmic functions are useful when working with exponents and solving equations involving logarithms. 

• Multiplication property: log_b(a × b) = log_b(a) + log_b(b) 
  When two numbers are multiplied inside a logarithm, you can separate them into a sum of two logs. 

• Division property: log_b (a/b) = log_b(a) - log_b(b)
  Dividing two numbers inside a logarithm is equivalent to subtracting the logarithm of the denominator from the numerator. 

• Change of base rule: log_b (a) = log_c(a) / log_c(b)
  You can change the base by dividing the logarithm of the number by the logarithm of the new base. 

• Power property: log_b(a^x) = x log_b(a) 
  To remove the exponent inside a logarithm, multiply the logarithm by that exponent. 

• Logarithm of 1: log_b(1) = 0 
  Regardless of the base, the logarithm of 1 is always 0. 

• Logarithm of the base: log_b(b) = 1
  If the base and number inside the logarithm are the same, the result is always 1.

The derivative of a logarithmic function shows how its value changes with respect to its input. The reverse of the derivative is the integral of the logarithmic function, which helps to find the original function from its rate of change. The derivative formula for the common and natural logarithmic functions are:

• The derivative of the natural logarithm (ln x):
  d / dx [ln x] = 1 / x  

• The derivative of logarithm with base a (log_a x):
  d / dx (log_a x) = 1 / (x ln a)

The integral formulas of logarithmic functions are: 

• The integral of the natural logarithm (ln x): 
  ∫ ln x dx = x (ln x - 1) + C

This indicates that when we integrate ln x, we get a formula that includes x, in x, and a constant C. The accumulated area under the curve of ln x is represented by the constant C. 

• The integral of the common logarithm (log x):
  ∫ log₁₀ x dx = x (log₁₀ x - 1) + C, where log₁₀ is the common logarithm

We get a formula that includes x, log x, and a constant C when we integrate log x. The area under the curve of the common logarithm is represented by the constant C.  

Learning the concept of logarithmic functions helps us apply them to various real-life situations. Here are some real-world applications of logarithmic functions: 

• Logarithmic functions are used by seismologists to measure seismic waves and analyze earthquakes. They measure the magnitude of earthquakes using the Richter scale, which represents large numbers using logarithmic functions. 

• In scientific laboratories, scientists use the pH scale, which is based on a logarithmic scale, to measure the acidity of various solutions. For example, a solution with pH 4 is ten times more acidic than a solution with pH 5. 

• Shareholders and investors can use the logarithmic functions to calculate their compound interest and total investment rate. For instance, they can calculate the time it takes for an investment to reach a certain amount with a fixed interest rate.