Last updated on May 26th, 2025
Roman numerals are a way of expressing numbers using symbols like I, V, X, L, C, D, and M. These numerals are used in royal titles, book names, sequences, and more. Here, we will discuss Roman numerals, their rules, and examples.
Royal titles such as Henry I, Henry II, etc., use Roman numerals. Have you noticed these symbols and wondered what they represent? They are Roman numerals. In ancient times, people counted using fingers, sticks, and bones. As life became more complex, a standardized numeral system was required, leading to the Roman numeral system. The symbols include I (1), V (5), X (10), L (50), C (100), D (500), and M (1000).
In Roman numerals, we use CCCXVIII to represent 318. Here, CCC is 300, X is 10, and VIII is 8. Let’s learn more about Roman numerals and how we write them.
There are certain basic rules for writing numbers in Roman numerals. Let's discuss some key rules to remember:
Rule 1: Addition Method
When a smaller number follows a larger number, the values are added. For example, XVIII → X + V + I + I + I → 10 + 5 + 3 = 18
Rule 2: Repetition Method
Certain Roman numerals can be repeated up to three times to form larger numbers. For example, CCC → 300 (C is repeated three times).
Rule 3: Subtraction Method
If a smaller number precedes a larger number, the smaller is subtracted from the larger. For example, IX → X - I → 10 - 1 = 9
Rule 4: Limitation Rule
Symbols cannot be repeated more than three times, and some symbols (V, L, D) cannot be repeated. For example, we do not write IIII for 4; instead, we use IV.
Let’s learn how to write 318 in Roman numerals using different methods
In this method, the number is broken down based on place value.
Step 1: Break down the number based on place value: 300 + 10 + 8
Step 2: Convert each part to Roman numerals:
- 300 in Roman numerals is CCC
- 10 in Roman numerals is X
- 8 in Roman numerals is VIII
Step 3: Combine them: CCC + X + VIII = CCCXVIII
When writing a large number in Roman numerals, we group and convert each part.
To write 318, group as 300 + 10 + 8:
- 300 in Roman numerals is CCC
- 10 in Roman numerals is X
- 8 in Roman numerals is VIII
Thus, 318 is written as CCCXVIII.
Students may make mistakes when writing Roman numerals. Here are some common errors and how to avoid them:
A historian discovers CCCXVIII ancient coins and wants to distribute them evenly among VI museums. Find the number of coins each museum will receive.
The number of coins each museum will receive is LIII.
To find the number of coins each museum gets, we divide the total number of coins by the number of museums.
CCCXVIII = 318
VI = 6
Therefore, CCCXVIII / VI = 318 / 6 = 53.
53 in Roman numerals can be written as LIII.
Calculate the sum of CLIX and CLIX.
The sum of CLIX and CLIX is CCCXVIII.
The sum is the result of adding two numbers.
CLIX = 159
CLIX = 159
159 + 159 = 318
318 in Roman Numerals is CCCXVIII.
The sum of CLIX and CLIX is CCCXVIII.
A collector has a collection of CCCXVIII rare stamps, and he decides to display them in IX different exhibits equally. How many stamps will each exhibit showcase?
Each exhibit will showcase XXXV stamps.
To find the number of stamps each exhibit will showcase, divide the total stamps by the number of exhibits.
CCCXVIII = 318
IX = 9
Therefore, CCCXVIII / IX = 318 / 9 = 35.
35 in Roman numerals is XXXV.
A librarian is cataloging CXCIX books and realizes that XIX are duplicates. What is the number of unique books left?
The number of unique books left is CLXXX.
To find the number of unique books, subtract the number of duplicate books from the total number.
CXCIX = 199
XIX = 19
199 - 19 = 180
180 in Roman numerals is CLXXX.
Write the Roman Numeral for 213 + 105 using the expansion method.
The Roman numeral for 213 + 105 is CCCXVIII.
Step 1: Convert the numbers 213 and 105 into Roman numerals.
213 - CCXIII
105 - CV
Add the numbers together: 213 + 105 = 318
Using the expansion method: 318 = 300 + 10 + 8 = CCCXVIII.
Hiralee Lalitkumar Makwana has almost two years of teaching experience. She is a number ninja as she loves numbers. Her interest in numbers can be seen in the way she cracks math puzzles and hidden patterns.
: She loves to read number jokes and games.